The menstrual cycle is a vital biological process in a woman’s reproductive health, driven by the rhythmic changes in hormones like oestrogen and progesterone. These hormonal shifts not only govern the cycle but also influence the body and mind in profound ways.
Whether you’re just beginning to explore your cycle or seeking to deepen your understanding, this week-by-week breakdown offers insights into what typically happens at each stage, in a 28 days cycle
Phase I: Menstrual Phase – The Onset
Duration: Days 1-5
The menstrual cycle begins with menstruation, which marks the start of a new cycle. This phase begins on the first day of your period (blood flow), when the uterine lining sheds, and typically lasts 3 to 7 days.
Hormonal Changes:
- As your period begins, oestrogen and progesterone levels are at their lowest.
- The decline in these hormones signals the body to shed the uterine lining, which is no longer needed since fertilisation hasn’t occurred.
- This shedding is what we commonly refer to as menstruation, a natural reset for your reproductive system.
Physical Symptoms:
- During menstruation, you may experience cramps due to the contraction of the uterine muscles as they work to expel the lining.
- It’s also common to feel lower back pain, headaches, and fatigue.
- These symptoms, while uncomfortable, typically ease as your period progresses.
Phase II: Follicular Phase – Renewal
Duration: Days 1-13
The follicular phase begins concurrently with the menstrual phase but continues after your period ends. It is a time of renewal and preparation, as your body gets ready for a potential pregnancy.
Hormonal Changes:
- The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which encourages the growth of ovarian follicles, each housing an immature egg.
- As the follicles develop, they produce oestrogen, which thickens the uterine lining (endometrium), preparing it to potentially support a fertilised egg.
Physical Symptoms:
As oestrogen levels rise, you might notice an increase in energy and a clearer complexion—often referred to as a “glow.”
Additionally, your cervical mucus will become clearer, thinner, and more elastic, signalling the approach of your fertile window.
Phase III: Ovulation – The Peak
Duration: Day 14 (the signal of a fertile window which can last about 5-6 days)
Ovulation is the climax of your menstrual cycle, occurring around day 14 in a 28-day cycle. It’s the point at which an egg is released from the dominant follicle and is available for fertilisation.
Hormonal Changes:
- Right before ovulation, a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the release of the mature egg from the ovary.
- After the egg is released, the empty follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.
Physical Symptoms:
- You may experience a slight, sharp pain on one side of your lower abdomen (mittelschmerz) and a spike in libido.
- Basal body temperature may also rise slightly, a sign that ovulation has occurred.
- Following ovulation, cervical mucus thickens, indicating the end of the fertile window.
Phase IV: Luteal Phase – Preparation and Decline
Duration: Days 15-28
The luteal phase begins after ovulation and lasts until the onset of your next period. During this time, your body either prepares for pregnancy or begins winding down for the next cycle.
Hormonal Changes:
- Progesterone peaks during the luteal phase, maintaining the thickened uterine lining.
- If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, causing progesterone and oestrogen levels to drop.
- This decline triggers the start of menstruation, beginning the cycle anew.
Premenstrual Symptoms:
- Many women experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS) during the luteal phase.
- Symptoms like bloating, breast tenderness, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, and changes in appetite are common, though they vary in intensity.
- Recognizing your unique symptoms can help in managing them through lifestyle adjustments, diet, or medical advice if necessary.
The Cycle of Renewal and Empowerment
As your menstrual cycle draws to a close with the end of the luteal phase, the body prepares to begin the process anew. Understanding your menstrual cycle is not just about predicting your period but about tuning into your body’s natural rhythms.
By recognising the signs and symptoms associated with each phase of your cycle, you can better anticipate and manage them. Whether it’s addressing PMS, menstrual cramps, or fluctuations in energy and mood, being in tune with your cycle allows you to take proactive steps to maintain your comfort and well-being.
By paying attention to the different phases of your cycle, you can better address your body’s needs, enhance your well-being, and embrace the process as a valuable tool for self-awareness and optimal health.
